Guides
Guides for water and effluent plants
Short, sourced answers to questions plant operators and buyers ask about coagulants, flocculants, disinfection and pH correction.
Ferric alum vs PAC vs alum: which coagulant should your plant use?
Ferric alum, alum and PAC compared for Indian water plants: IS 299, IS 260 and IS 15573 specs, alkalinity and lime, pH, sludge, residual aluminium, cost per m3.
Updated 28 September 2026
How to run a jar test for ferric alum, PAC and polyelectrolyte
How to run a jar test for ferric alum, PAC and anionic polyelectrolyte: IS 3025 (Part 50) steps, stock solutions, polymer timing and the dose in kg/day.
Updated 28 September 2026
How to dose sodium hypochlorite in water and sewage treatment
How to dose sodium hypochlorite: kg/day = mg/L × MLD, litres of 10% hypo, IS 10500 and CPHEEO residual targets, STP doses, strength loss and safe storage.
Updated 28 September 2026
Anionic or cationic polyelectrolyte: which one does your plant need?
Anionic or cationic polyelectrolyte? Which suits clarification after alum or PAC and which suits sludge dewatering, plus doses, make-up and acrylamide limits.
Updated 28 September 2026
Hydrated lime or caustic soda: which should you use for pH correction?
Hydrated lime vs caustic soda for pH correction: kg per kg of acid, alkalinity added, milk of lime, gypsum sludge, sodium, TDS, safety and when to use soda ash.
Updated 28 September 2026
Liquid PAC or PAC powder: how to choose
Liquid PAC vs PAC powder compared: IS 15573 Al2O3 minimums, how much powder equals 10% liquid, dose conversion, storage, tank materials and transport class.
Updated 28 September 2026